Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in sewage sludge and soil: A review on their distribution and environmental risk assessment

The recycling and recovery of organic matter nutrients from sewage sludge for application in agricultural soils is gaining interest, while the presence pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) this matrix may have a great impact on environment human health. aim review paper to outline recent research occurrence PhACs their metabolites treatment lines. A total 32 classes therapeutic groups including 180 45 been included. In first part, summary analytical methods with critical overview extraction determination techniques, quality control issues methodological challenges Subsequently, study gives snapshot concentration levels distribution patterns found primary, secondary, digested (aerobically anaerobically), dehydrated composted sludge. Data systematically summarized categorized according type, processes available PhAC degradation sludge, geographical areas. Our literature showed that antimicrobials, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants antidiabetics were most abundant matrices.Overall, attenuation concentrations occurs during stabilization, particular anaerobic digestion composting. sorption onto strongly affected by physicochemical properties, operating environmental conditions. Lastly, discusses sludge-amended land. potential ecotoxicological risk associated amended soil medium-low PhACs. are ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, triclocarban triclosan.